74 research outputs found
Two dimensional chromatographic analysis as a quality measure Of herbal extracts – Salvia Officinalis
Abstract: Background Homoeopathic mother tinctures and herbal extracts are used worldwide for medicinal purposes on the basis that the plant extract contains the active components essential for medicinal use. Quality analysis of samples ensures that the correct active components are present for medicinal use. Thin layer chromatography has been used extensively to determine the quality of plant extracts and could just as readily be applied to the assessment of quality of homoeopathic mother tinctures. The development of a multidimensional technique allows for greater quality analyses of these extracts. Materials and Methods The Salvia officinalis sample was extracted and the one dimensional thin layer chromatographic plate development of extracted sample was performed according to the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP). Before the two dimensional thin layer chromatographic plates where run, different solvent systems were tested through a comparison of the resultant one dimensional thin layer chromatographic plates with that of the plate developed according to the GHP. The two dimensional thin layer chromatographic plate was developed in one direction using the eluent given in the GHP, the plate was then rotated 90 degrees and further developed using neat dichloromethane. Results and Conclusion The two dimensional thin layer chromatogram for the selected sample Salvia officinalis was successfully established. This results in a more extensive profile regarding the identification of the individual components present in the homoeopathic mother tincture. The further production of two dimensional chromatograms is essential to the expanded detailed analysis of individual products and potential raw material production of even higher standards
THE QUALITY OF SELECTED SOUTH AFRICAN AND INTERNATIONAL HOMOEOPATHIC MOTHER TINCTURES
The high potential variability of chemical composition of the plant material involved in the manufacture of homoeopathic mother tinctures (a common source of homoeopathic medicines), renders both their quality control and assurance a significant challenge (Pande and Pathak, 2006). The absence of significant regulations regarding the quality of Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAM) in South Africa contributes to this challenge (Gqaleni et al, 2007). In order to assess any quality differences between local and international manufacturers, the following homoeopathic mother tinctures, Artemisia absinthium, Rosmarinus officinalis e foliis recentibus, Salvia officinalis and Sambucus nigra, were chosen on the basis that they can be grown both locally in South Africa and internationally and are prepared according to the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP), method 3a. Colour analysis was followed by thin layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis on each selected sample and relevant reference sample using both aluminum-backed TLC plates and glass-backed HPTLC plates. Photographs were taken of the resultant chromatograms, active components were identified, comparisons to the reference chromatograms were made and the overall quality of each homoeopathic mother tincture deduced. The quality of all nine of the selected samples manufactured internationally complied with the minimum quality standards set by the GHP. Five out of the six local samples complied with the minimum standards of the GHP.Notwithstanding the minimum GHP standards, the superior number of high quality international samples implies that their quality exceeded that of the locally manufactured tinctures. Greater regulation regarding the quality of these types of products has therefore been identified
The Dark Energy Survey Data Management System
The Dark Energy Survey collaboration will study cosmic acceleration with a
5000 deg2 griZY survey in the southern sky over 525 nights from 2011-2016. The
DES data management (DESDM) system will be used to process and archive these
data and the resulting science ready data products. The DESDM system consists
of an integrated archive, a processing framework, an ensemble of astronomy
codes and a data access framework. We are developing the DESDM system for
operation in the high performance computing (HPC) environments at NCSA and
Fermilab. Operating the DESDM system in an HPC environment offers both speed
and flexibility. We will employ it for our regular nightly processing needs,
and for more compute-intensive tasks such as large scale image coaddition
campaigns, extraction of weak lensing shear from the full survey dataset, and
massive seasonal reprocessing of the DES data. Data products will be available
to the Collaboration and later to the public through a virtual-observatory
compatible web portal. Our approach leverages investments in publicly available
HPC systems, greatly reducing hardware and maintenance costs to the project,
which must deploy and maintain only the storage, database platforms and
orchestration and web portal nodes that are specific to DESDM. In Fall 2007, we
tested the current DESDM system on both simulated and real survey data. We used
Teragrid to process 10 simulated DES nights (3TB of raw data), ingesting and
calibrating approximately 250 million objects into the DES Archive database. We
also used DESDM to process and calibrate over 50 nights of survey data acquired
with the Mosaic2 camera. Comparison to truth tables in the case of the
simulated data and internal crosschecks in the case of the real data indicate
that astrometric and photometric data quality is excellent.Comment: To be published in the proceedings of the SPIE conference on
Astronomical Instrumentation (held in Marseille in June 2008). This preprint
is made available with the permission of SPIE. Further information together
with preprint containing full quality images is available at
http://desweb.cosmology.uiuc.edu/wik
Experimental Design for Pre-Clinical Animal Model Study in Microgravity
The Rodent Research program at NASAs Ames Research Center (ARC) has pioneered a new research capability on the International Space Station in less than four years and has progressed toward translating research to the ISS utilizing commercial rockets, collaborating with academia and science industry, and training crew for research purposes on-orbit. Animal models are the foundation of pre-clinical research to understand human diseases and evaluate new therapeutics. Advancement in alleviating ground diseases such as muscle atrophy and osteoporosis can come from the study of similar conditions that are known to occur as a result of exposure to the spaceflight environment. During the completion of the flight phase of two missions, our practices, hardware and operations evolved from tested to developed standards, which successfully translated the studies from ground to space. Results from these studies contribute to the science community via both the primary investigation and banked samples that are shared in publicly available data repository such as GeneLab. Every completed mission sets a foundation to build and design greater complexity into future research and answer questions about common human diseases on ground and in space. Here, we present methods developed for the translation of a rodent experiment to the ISS including a description of hardware and kits available for investigators and a discussion of operational constraints
The Dark Energy Survey Data Processing and Calibration System
The Dark Energy Survey (DES) is a 5000 deg2 grizY survey reaching
characteristic photometric depths of 24th magnitude (10 sigma) and enabling
accurate photometry and morphology of objects ten times fainter than in SDSS.
Preparations for DES have included building a dedicated 3 deg2 CCD camera
(DECam), upgrading the existing CTIO Blanco 4m telescope and developing a new
high performance computing (HPC) enabled data management system (DESDM).
The DESDM system will be used for processing, calibrating and serving the DES
data. The total data volumes are high (~2PB), and so considerable effort has
gone into designing an automated processing and quality control system. Special
purpose image detrending and photometric calibration codes have been developed
to meet the data quality requirements, while survey astrometric calibration,
coaddition and cataloging rely on new extensions of the AstrOmatic codes which
now include tools for PSF modeling, PSF homogenization, PSF corrected model
fitting cataloging and joint model fitting across multiple input images.
The DESDM system has been deployed on dedicated development clusters and HPC
systems in the US and Germany. An extensive program of testing with small rapid
turn-around and larger campaign simulated datasets has been carried out. The
system has also been tested on large real datasets, including Blanco Cosmology
Survey data from the Mosaic2 camera. In Fall 2012 the DESDM system will be used
for DECam commissioning, and, thereafter, the system will go into full science
operations.Comment: 12 pages, submitted for publication in SPIE Proceeding 8451-1
Genetic variation in a member of the laminin gene family affects variation in body composition in Drosophila and humans
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The objective of the present study was to map candidate loci influencing naturally occurring variation in triacylglycerol (TAG) storage using quantitative complementation procedures in <it>Drosophila melanogaster</it>. Based on our results from <it>Drosophila</it>, we performed a human population-based association study to investigate the effect of natural variation in <it>LAMA5 </it>gene on body composition in humans.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We identified four candidate genes that contributed to differences in TAG storage between two strains of <it>D. melanogaster</it>, including <it>Laminin A </it>(<it>LanA</it>), which is a member of the α subfamily of laminin chains. We confirmed the effects of this gene using a viable <it>LanA </it>mutant and showed that female flies homozygous for the mutation had significantly lower TAG storage, body weight, and total protein content than control flies. <it>Drosophila LanA </it>is closely related to human <it>LAMA5 </it>gene, which maps to the well-replicated obesity-linkage region on chromosome 20q13.2-q13.3. We tested for association between three common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human <it>LAMA5 </it>gene and variation in body composition and lipid profile traits in a cohort of unrelated women of European American (EA) and African American (AA) descent. In both ethnic groups, we found that SNP rs659822 was associated with weight (EA: <it>P </it>= 0.008; AA: <it>P </it>= 0.05) and lean mass (EA: <it>P= </it>0.003; AA: <it>P </it>= 0.03). We also found this SNP to be associated with height (<it>P </it>= 0.01), total fat mass (<it>P </it>= 0.01), and HDL-cholesterol (<it>P </it>= 0.003) but only in EA women. Finally, significant associations of SNP rs944895 with serum TAG levels (<it>P </it>= 0.02) and HDL-cholesterol (<it>P </it>= 0.03) were observed in AA women.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results suggest an evolutionarily conserved role of a member of the laminin gene family in contributing to variation in weight and body composition.</p
Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. We have
fine-mapped 64 GWAS regions known at the conclusion of the iCOGS study using large-scale genotyping and imputation in
25 723 PrCa cases and 26 274 controls of European ancestry. We detected evidence for multiple independent signals at 16
regions, 12 of which contained additional newly identified significant associations. A single signal comprising a spectrum of
correlated variation was observed at 39 regions; 35 of which are now described by a novel more significantly associated lead SNP,
while the originally reported variant remained as the lead SNP only in 4 regions. We also confirmed two association signals in
Europeans that had been previously reported only in East-Asian GWAS. Based on statistical evidence and linkage disequilibrium
(LD) structure, we have curated and narrowed down the list of the most likely candidate causal variants for each region.
Functional annotation using data from ENCODE filtered for PrCa cell lines and eQTL analysis demonstrated significant
enrichment for overlap with bio-features within this set. By incorporating the novel risk variants identified here alongside the
refined data for existing association signals, we estimate that these loci now explain ∼38.9% of the familial relative risk of PrCa,
an 8.9% improvement over the previously reported GWAS tag SNPs. This suggests that a significant fraction of the heritability of
PrCa may have been hidden during the discovery phase of GWAS, in particular due to the presence of multiple independent
signals within the same regio
The evolution of lung cancer and impact of subclonal selection in TRACERx
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Here we analysed 1,644 tumour regions sampled at surgery or during follow-up from the first 421 patients with non-small cell lung cancer prospectively enrolled into the TRACERx study. This project aims to decipher lung cancer evolution and address the primary study endpoint: determining the relationship between intratumour heterogeneity and clinical outcome. In lung adenocarcinoma, mutations in 22 out of 40 common cancer genes were under significant subclonal selection, including classical tumour initiators such as TP53 and KRAS. We defined evolutionary dependencies between drivers, mutational processes and whole genome doubling (WGD) events. Despite patients having a history of smoking, 8% of lung adenocarcinomas lacked evidence of tobacco-induced mutagenesis. These tumours also had similar detection rates for EGFR mutations and for RET, ROS1, ALK and MET oncogenic isoforms compared with tumours in never-smokers, which suggests that they have a similar aetiology and pathogenesis. Large subclonal expansions were associated with positive subclonal selection. Patients with tumours harbouring recent subclonal expansions, on the terminus of a phylogenetic branch, had significantly shorter disease-free survival. Subclonal WGD was detected in 19% of tumours, and 10% of tumours harboured multiple subclonal WGDs in parallel. Subclonal, but not truncal, WGD was associated with shorter disease-free survival. Copy number heterogeneity was associated with extrathoracic relapse within 1 year after surgery. These data demonstrate the importance of clonal expansion, WGD and copy number instability in determining the timing and patterns of relapse in non-small cell lung cancer and provide a comprehensive clinical cancer evolutionary data resource
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